The Paris Wine Tasting of 1976 -- known as the Judgment of Paris -- was a wine competition organized in Paris on 24 May 1976 by Steven Spurrier, a British wine merchant, in which French judges carried out two blind tasting comparisons: one of top-quality Chardonnays and another of red wines (Bordeaux wines from France and Cabernet Sauvignon wines from California). A Californian wine rated best in each category, which caused surprise as France was generally regarded as being the foremost producer of the world's best wines. Spurrier sold only French wine and believed that the California wines would not win.
The event's informal name "Judgment of Paris" is an allusion to the ancient Greek myth.
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The wines
Red wines
White wines
French Wine Tours From Paris Video
The judges
The eleven judges were (in alphabetical order):
Method
Blind tasting was performed and the judges were asked to grade each wine out of 20 points. No specific grading framework was given, leaving the judges free to grade according to their own criteria.
Rankings of the wines preferred by individual judges were done based on the grades they individually attributed.
An overall ranking of the wines preferred by the jury was also established in averaging the sum of each judge's individual grades (arithmetic mean). However, grades of Patricia Gallagher and Steven Spurrier were not taken into account, thus counting only grades of French judges.
The results
Red wines
California Cabernet Sauvignon vs. Bordeaux. In alphabetical order of judges.
The original grades (out of 20 points) are shown.
Pierre Brejoux Original grades: out of 20 points.
Claude Dubois-Millot Original grades: out of 20 points.
Michel Dovaz Original grades: out of 20 points.
Patricia Gallagher Original grades: out of 20 points.
Odette Kahn Original grades: out of 20 points.
Raymond Oliver Original grades: out of 20 points.
Steven Spurrier Original grades: out of 20 points.
Pierre Tari Original grades: out of 20 points.
Christian Vanneque Original grades: out of 20 points.
Aubert de Villaine Original grades: out of 20 points.
Jean-Claude Vrinat Original grades: out of 20 points.
Average Original grades: out of 20 points.
White wines
California Chardonnays vs. Burgundy Chardonnays Average Original grades: out of 20 points.
Controversies
Subjectivity of taste
Criticism of the event suggested that wine tastings lacked scientific validity due to the subjectivity of taste in human beings. Indeed, the organizer of the competition, Steven Spurrier, said, "The results of a blind tasting cannot be predicted and will not even be reproduced the next day by the same panel tasting the same wines." In one case it was reported that a "side-by-side chart of best-to-worst rankings of 18 wines by a roster of experienced tasters showed about as much consistency as a table of random numbers."
Statistical interpretation
Without calling into question the abilities of the tasters, scientific concerns have been raised about the methodology used by individual judges as well as the validity of any statistical interpretation. The heterogeneity of the grades given by individual judges was seen as a consequence of the lack of a common grading system among tasters, and the data sample was deemed too small for meaningful statistical interpretation. Steven Spurrier, the organizer of the tasting, acknowledged in Decanter in August 1996 that he tallied the winners by "adding the judges' marks and dividing this by nine (which I was told later was statistically meaningless)."
Orley Ashenfelter and Richard E. Quandt analyzed the results of all 11 judges instead of only 9 and proposed a slightly different ranking (see below). They also stated that only the scores of the first two wines in their ranking were statistically valid, and that the seven other wines could not be differentiated statistically.
- USA Stag's Leap Wine Cellars '73
- France Montrose '70
- France Mouton '70
- France Haut Brion '70
- USA Ridge Monte Bello '71
- USA Heitz Martha's '70
- France Leoville-las-cases '71
- USA Freemark Abbey '69
- USA Mayacamas '71
- USA Clos du Val '72
Tasting replications
Some critics argued that French red wines would age better than the California reds, so this was tested.
San Francisco Wine Tasting of 1978
The San Francisco Wine Tasting of 1978 was conducted 20 months after the Paris Wine Tasting of 1976. Steven Spurrier flew in from Paris to participate in the evaluations, which were held at the Vintners Club.
On January 11, 1978, evaluators blind-tasted the same Chardonnays tasted earlier in Paris.
- USA - 1974 Chalone Winery
- USA - 1973 Chateau Montelena
- USA - 1973 Spring Mountain Vineyard
- France - 1972 Puligny-Montrachet Les Pucelles Domaine Leflaive.
Ranking lower were Meursault Charmes Roulot 1973, Beaune Clos des Mouches Joseph Drouhin 1973, and Batard-Montrachet Ramonet-Prudhon 1973.
On January 12, 1978, evaluators blind-tasted the same Cabernet Sauvignons tasted earlier in Paris.
- USA - 1973 Stag's Leap Wine Cellars
- USA - 1970 Heitz Wine Cellars Martha's vineyard
- USA - 1971 Ridge Vineyards Monte Bello
- France - 1970 Château Mouton Rothschild.
Ranking lower were Château Montrose 1970, Château Haut-Brion 1970, and Château Leoville Las Cases 1971.
French Culinary Institute Tasting of 1986
Two tastings were conducted by the French Culinary Institute (now called the International Culinary Center) on the tenth anniversary of the original Paris Wine Tasting. White wines were not evaluated in the belief that they were past their prime.
Steven Spurrier, who organized the original 1976 wine competition, assisted in the anniversary tasting. Eight judges blind tasted nine of the ten wines evaluated. The evaluation resulted in the following ranking
Rank Wine
- USA - Clos Du Val Winery 1972
- USA - Ridge Vineyards Monte Bello
- France - Château Montrose
- France - Château Leoville Las Cases 1971
- France - Château Mouton Rothschild 1970
- USA - Stag's Leap Wine Cellars 1973
- USA - Heitz Wine Cellars 1970
- USA - Mayacamas Vineyards 1971
- France - Château Haut-Brion
Wine Spectator Tasting of 1986
Four of the judges were experts from Wine Spectator and two were outsiders. All tasted the wines blind.
Rank Wine
- USA - Heitz Wine Cellars 1970
- USA - Mayacamas Vineyards 1971
- USA - Ridge Vineyards Monte Bello
- USA - Stag's Leap Wine Cellars 1973
- USA - Clos Du Val Winery 1972
- France - Château Montrose 1970
- France - Château Mouton Rothschild 1970
- France - Château Leoville Las Cases 1971
- USA - Freemark Abbey Winery 1969
- France - Château Haut-Brion 1970
30th Anniversary
A 30th anniversary re-tasting on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean was organized by Steven Spurrier in 2006. As The Times reported "Despite the French tasters, many of whom had taken part in the original tasting, 'expecting the downfall' of the American vineyards, they had to admit that the harmony of the Californian cabernets had beaten them again. Judges on both continents gave top honors to a 1971 Ridge Monte Bello cabernet. Four Californian reds occupied the next placings before the highest-ranked Bordeaux, a 1970 Château Mouton-Rothschild, came in at sixth."
The Tasting that Changed the Wine World: 'The Judgment of Paris' 30th Anniversary was conducted on 24 May 2006.
The 30th anniversary was held simultaneously at the museum Copia in Napa, California and at Berry Bros. & Rudd (Britain's oldest wine merchant) in London, in association with Steven Spurrier, who created the original Paris event.
The panel of nine wine experts at Copia consisted of Dan Berger, Anthony Dias Blue, Stephen Brook, Wilfred Jaeger, Peter Marks MW, Paul Roberts MS, Andrea Immer Robinson MS, Jean-Michel Valette MW and Christian Vanneque, one of the original judges from the 1976 tasting.
The panel of nine experts at Berry Bros. & Rudd consisted of Michel Bettane, Michael Broadbent MW, Michel Dovaz, Hugh Johnson, Matthew Jukes, Jane MacQuitty, Jasper Morris MW, Jancis Robinson OBE MW and Brian St. Pierre.
The results showed that additional panels of experts again preferred the California wines over their French competitors.
- USA - Ridge Vineyards Monte Bello 1971
- USA - Stag's Leap Wine Cellars 1973
- USA - Mayacamas Vineyards 1971 (tie)
- USA - Heitz Wine Cellars 'Martha's Vineyard' 1970 (tie)
- USA - Clos Du Val Winery 1972
- France - Château Mouton-Rothschild 1970
- France - Château Montrose 1970
- France - Château Haut-Brion 1970
- France - Château Leoville Las Cases 1971
- USA - Freemark Abbey Winery 1969
Three of the Bordeaux wines in the competition were from the 1970 vintage, identified by the Conseil Interprofessionel du Vin de Bordeaux as among the four best vintages in the past 45 years or more. The fourth Bordeaux was a 1971, described by the Conseil as "very good". Another official French authority, the Office Interprofessionnel des Vins, rates the 1971 vintage as "excellent".
The French wine producers had many years experience making wine, whereas the California producers typically had only a few years experience; the 1972 vintage was Clos Du Val's very first, yet it performed better than any of its French competitors.
Implications in the wine industry
Although Spurrier had invited many reporters to the original 1976 tasting, the only reporter to attend was George M. Taber from TIME magazine, who promptly revealed the results to the world. The horrified and enraged leaders of the French wine industry then banned Spurrier from the nation's prestigious wine-tasting tour for a year, apparently as punishment for the damage his tasting had done to its former image of superiority. The tasting was not covered by the French press, who almost ignored the story. After nearly three months, Le Figaro published an article titled "Did the war of the cru take place?" describing the results as "laughable," and said they "cannot be taken seriously." Six months after the tasting, Le Monde wrote a similarly toned article.
The New York Times reported that several earlier tastings had occurred in the U.S., with American chardonnays judged ahead of their French rivals. One such tasting occurred in New York just six months before the Paris Tasting, but "champions of the French wines argued that the tasters were Americans with possible bias toward American wines. What is more, they said, there was always the possibility that the Burgundies had been mistreated during the long trip from the (French) wineries." The Paris Wine Tasting of 1976 had a revolutionary impact on expanding the production and prestige of wine in the New World. It also "gave the French a valuable incentive to review traditions that were sometimes more accumulations of habit and expediency, and to reexamine convictions that were little more than myths taken on trust."
Films
Bottle Shock, a feature film that dramatizes the 1976 wine tasting, debuted at the 2008 Sundance Film Festival. A second film (Judgment of Paris, based on George Taber's book of the same name) was in the works, and there has been controversy between the makers of the two films with allegations of defamation and misrepresentation.
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